Background Individuals with a learning disability (also referred as intellectual disability in international literature) comprise 1% of the global population. They often require medication for chronic ...

Background Associations between social factors and self-rated general health are well-established, and self-rated general health is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality. However most studies ...

Background Inequalities over the life course may increase due to accumulation of disadvantage or may decrease because ageing can work as a leveller. We report how absolute and relative socioeconomic ...

STUDY OBJECTIVES To study geographical differences in diastolic blood pressure and the influence of the social environment (census percentage of people with low educational achievement) on individual ...

Health impact assessments look at the effect on health of policies implemented outside the healthcare sector. A glossary is provided in the following article.

Air pollution and equity Over the past decade, an ever increasing number of epidemiological studies have linked urban air pollution, particularly particulate matter, to increased risk for morbidity ...

Background Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis can cross the placenta, and could have long-lasting effects on the brain of the developing foetus. We examine whether exposure to these substances is ...

The Netflix series Adolescence has been viewed over 140 million times, sparking international debate about a potential ‘crisis of masculinity’. Young men who lack positive role models and feel ...

Background Child dental caries is highly prevalent worldwide, with significant treatment costs, but its broader societal ...

Background Residential segregation is considered a social determinant of health, but there is limited evidence of its impact on tuberculosis (TB). We investigated the associations between municipality ...

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of maternal substance use problems during the first 1000 days of children’s lives, to inform planning and resourcing of antenatal screening and substance use in ...